תוכנה 1 מערכים. Array Creation and Initialization. Array Declaration. Loop through Arrays. Array Creation and Initialization
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1 מערכים תוכנה 1 Array: A fixed-length data structure for storing multiple values of the same type Example from last week: An array of odd numbers: Indices (start from 0) תרגול 2: מערכים ומבני בקרה odds: The type of all elements is int odds.length == 8 The value of the element at index 4 is 9: odds[4] == 9 2 Array Declaration An array is denoted by the [] notation Examples: int[] odds; int odds[]; String[] names; // legal but discouraged int[][] matrix; // an array of arrays matrix: Array Creation and Initialization What is the output of the following code: int[] odds = new int[8]; for (int i = 0; i < odds.length; i++) { System.out.print(odds[i] + " "); odds[i] = 2 * i + 1; System.out.print(odds[i] + " "); Output: Array creation: all elements get the default value for their type (0 for int) Array Creation and Initialization Creating and initializing small arrays with a-priori known values: int[] odds = {1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15; String[] months = {"Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "July", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"; Jan months: Loop through Arrays By promoting the array's index: for (int i = 0; i < months.length; i++) { System.out.println(months[i]); foreach (since Java 5.0): for (String month: months) { System.out.println(month); The variable month is assigned the next element in each iteration 5 6 1
2 Operations on arrays The class Arrays provide operations on array Copy Sort Search Fill... java.util.arrays ays.html Copying Arrays Assume: int[] array1 = {1,2,3; int[] array2 = {8,7,6,5; Naïve copy: array1 = array2; 8,7,6,5 array2 What s wrong with this solution? 1,2,3 array1 7 8 Arrays.copyOf the original array Copying Arrays the length of the copy int[] arr1 = {1, 2, 3; int[] arr2 = Arrays.copyOf(arr1, arr1.length); Arrays.copyOfRange the original array initial index of the range to be copied, inclusive final index of the range to be copied, exclusive Question What is the output of the following code: int[] odds = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15; int newodds[] = Arrays.copyOfRange(odds, 1, odds.length); for (int odd: newodds) { System.out.print(odd + " "); Output: There are no 2D arrays in Java but you can build array of arrays: char[][] board = new char[3][]; for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) board[i] = new char[3]; Or equivalently: char[][] board = new char[3][3]; Building a multiplication table: int[][] table = new int[10][10]; for (int i = 0 ;i < 10 ;i++) { for (int j = 0 ;j < 10; j++) { table[i][j] = (i+1) * (j+1); board
3 A more compact table: int[][] table = new int[10][]; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { table[i] = new int[i + 1]; for (int j = 0; j <= i; j++) { table[i][j] = (i + 1) * (j + 1); Fibonacci Fibonacci series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 Definition: fib(0) = 1 fib(1) = 1 fib(n) = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) table en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fibonacci_number If-Else Statement if (n==0) else if (n==1) else Can be removed Switch Statement switch(n) { case 0: case 1: default: can be placed outside the switch Switch Statement switch(n) { case 0: case 1: break; default: Compilation Error: Unreachable Code 17 Iterative Fibonacci A loop instead of a recursion static int computeelement(int n) { if (n == 0 n == 1) int prev = 1; int prevprev = 1; int curr; for (int i = 2 ; i < n ; i++) { curr = prev + prevprev; prevprev = prev; prev = curr; curr = prev + prevprev; return curr; prevprev prev curr 18 3
4 נתונים במקום חישוב בתרגום רקורסיה ללולאה אנו משתמשים במשתני עזר לשמירת המצב curr, prev ו- prevprev הלולאה "זוכרת" את הנקודה שבה אנו נמצאים בתהליך החישוב דיון: יעילות לעומת פשטות. עיקרון ה- KISS )keep it simple stupid( תרגיל: כתבו את השירות computeelement בעזרת prev ו- prevprev בלבד )ללא )curr For Loop Printing the first n elements: It is better to use args[0] public static void main(string[] args) { for(int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++) { מודולריות, שכפול קוד ויעילות יש כאן חוסר יעילות מסוים: לולאת ה- for חוזרת גם ב- main וגם ב-.computeElement לכאורה, במעבר אחד ניתן גם לחשב את האברים וגם להדפיס אותם כמו כן כדי לחשב איבר בסדרה איננו משתמשים מודולריות, שכפול קוד ויעילות בתוצאות שכבר חישבנו )של אברים קודמים( ומתחילים כל חישוב מתחילתו מתודה )פונקציה( צריכה לעשות דבר אחד בדיוק! ערוב של חישוב והדפסה פוגע במודולריות )מדוע?( היזהרו משכפול קוד! קטע קוד דומה המופיע בשתי פונקציות שונות יגרום במוקדם או במאוחר לבאג בתוכנית )מדוע?( את בעיית היעילות )הוספת מנגנון )memoization אפשר לפתור בעזרת מערכים )תרגיל( for vs. while The following two statements are almost equivalent: Variable i is not defined outside the for block for(int i = 0 ; i < n ; i++) while (i < n) { while vs. do while The following two statements are equivalent if and only if n>0 : while (i < n) { works since n 1 do { while (i>n(;
5 הסוף... 5
תוכנה 1 מערכים. Array Creation and Initialization. Array Declaration. Array Creation and Initialization. Loop through Arrays
מערכים Array: A fixed-length data structure for storing multiple values of the same type תוכנה 1 Example: An array of odd numbers: Indices (start from 0) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 odds: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 odds.length
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